Fees and Compensation — Form ADV Part 2A (4/29/2025)
[Brochure]
Item 5 – Fees and Compensation
ADVISORY FEES
The Firm charged its clients annual advisory fees that generally range from 0.25% to
2.0% of an asset fee base. The asset fee base for an initial period of years (usually 3 to 5)
was equal to the client’s full committed capital regardless of how much has been
contributed by investors.
After the initial period of years (usually 3 to 5), the asset fee base generally decreased
over time with asset sales, write-offs or capital commitment waivers, subject to certain
caveats. The specific fee charged depends upon the type and complexity of services to be
provided. Because the Firm and the client are related to one another, there is no
independent person who negotiates the Firm’s advisory fees. However, the specific fee
arrangements, exact fee start date, exact calculation of the asset fee base, and other types
of fees and expenses paid by each client are described in the client’s offering
memorandum. Therefore, investors received information about what the fees were prior
to deciding to make an investment in that client.
As mentioned before, some of the Firm’s clients are funds of funds that invest in other
clients of the Firm. The specifics of the Firm’s advisory fees may not be fully known or
disclosed to investors at the time of the offering of interests in a client that is a fund of
funds. The unknown specifics may include the fee percentage, the asset fee base and the
fee start date. We always attempt to charge fees that are fair and reasonable in amount
based on the type and complexity of the services provided. We generally select a fee
start date that coincides with (i) when we started performing advisory services, (ii) the
date of the initial investor closing, (iii) when the client’s first investment was made, or
(iv) when subadvisory or other consulting fees are due.
In cases where the Firm delegated certain advisory responsibilities to a related adviser,
the Firm may have shared a portion of its fees with respect to certain accounts with those
advisers who were performing specific services.
OTHER COMPENSATION
Other types of fees and expenses that are paid by a client to either the Firm or an affiliate
are described in the client’s offering memorandum if known.
Some of the other types of fees and expenses that usually are paid by a client are:
auditing fees and costs; custodial fees and costs; banking fees and costs; franchise taxes
and entity formation and maintenance fees; legal expenses; securities and “blue sky”
filing fees; an allocable portion of the costs (including third party service fees) related to
recording, managing and reporting of accounting, tax and financial information, investor
subscription processing, cash calls and distributions; fees and costs related to asset
management information technology and software; fees and costs related to anti-money
laundering and other regulatory compliance; expenses related to roadshows and offering
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Part 2A of Form ADV: Firm Brochure Page 7
related activities; postage and travel expenses. See Item 6 below for information about
Account Minimums and Types of Clients — Form ADV Part 2A (4/29/2025)
[Brochure]
Item 7 – Types of Clients
Please refer to Item 4 above.
The Firm’s advisory clients generally are private equity and real estate investment funds.
Our clients are limited partnerships that are related to us because there is majority
common ownership and control between the Firm and the general partners of those
limited partnerships. Some of our clients are funds of funds meaning that they invest in
other investment funds that may or may not be related to us. All of our clients are closed-
end (meaning they do not accept additional subscribers after a stated offering period)
investment partnerships with capital committed by investors that is usually drawn down
and contributed over time to purchase investment securities and pay expenses. Our
clients do not offer redemption rights or liquidity to their investors. Our clients’ investors
are typically (but not exclusively) high net worth individuals and trusts and other family
investment entities created by those individuals. Some investors are institutions. We do
not manage separate advisory accounts for individual or institutional investors, and
investors often invest in more than one fund or other related investment opportunity.
Item 8 – Method of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss
METHOD OF ANALYSIS AND INVESTMENT STRATEGY
The Firm advises its clients primarily about making investments in private companies and
real estate. Each client will have a specific strategy and investment focus that is
described in the client’s offering memorandum. Some clients may have strategies similar
to other clients. The client’s offering memorandum and/or limited partnership or
operating agreement may include specific guidelines or restrictions on investments. The
Firm’s role is to (i) find investment opportunities that fit the client’s specific strategy, (ii)
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Part 2A of Form ADV: Firm Brochure Page 9
diligently investigate each investment’s benefits and risks (called due diligence), (iii)
make recommendations to each client whether to buy, hold or sell an investment, and (iv)
monitor the performance of investments made. The Firm reviewed its recommendations
against any specific guidelines or restrictions on the client’s investments. The Firm does
not make the final investment decisions. The final investment decisions are made by the
general partners of the various limited partnerships that are our clients. As stated
elsewhere in this brochure, there is common ownership and control between the Firm and
most of those general partners.
DUE DILIGENCE
Professional employees of the Firm or its affiliates perform due diligence on each
investment opportunity. Due diligence has varied depending on the type of investment
but has typically included some or all of the following:
Review, preparation and/or analysis of business plan
Review and negotiation of legal documents relevant to the security to be
held
Review of insurance coverage
Review of historical financial information
Research and analysis of market information
Research and review of competition
Review, preparation and/or analysis of financial projections
Interviews and/or background checks of key company management and
joint venture partners
Lien searches of company assets and real estate
Review of material contracts and other company data
Review of real estate title, zoning and survey
Review of real estate environmental and engineering conditions
On-site visits to company headquarters and/or real estate
The above is not an exhaustive list, nor does every item on the list apply to all investment
opportunities. Moreover, due diligence performed on funds of funds tends to cover the
manager(s) of funds versus the underlying assets. Our professional employees have used
their experience and expertise to review each investment opportunity in a diligent way.
For certain items on the list that require special expertise, consultants may be engaged on
behalf of the client to perform research and prepare reports. Our employees then review
and analyze those third-party reports. In addition, legal counsel is engaged on behalf of
each client to prepare or review and negotiate legal documents with reasonable and
customary provisions to protect the interests of the client. The client pays the fees and
costs of consultants and legal counsel. To the extent affiliated consultants or legal
counsel are engaged to provide services, the fees that are charged do not exceed rates
customarily charged by third party consultants or legal counsel.
A related adviser may perform some of these duties under a subadvisory agreement.
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Part 2A of Form ADV: Firm Brochure Page 10
RISK OF LOSS AND RISK FACTORS
Investing in securities involves risk of loss that clients and investors should be prepared
to bear. There can be no possibility of profit without risk of loss, including the risk of
loss of one’s entire investment.
The types of securities we recommend to our clients are illiquid and speculative. There is
no guaranty that our recommendations will turn out to be profitable to our clients or their
investors. Our clients may not be able to sell or liquidate recommended securities if our
clients need capital for other purposes. Our clients do not offer redemption rights or
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